Cancer neoantigens are a class of HLA-linked peptides that originate from tumor-specific mutations. While vaccination against such antigens was thought to be a potentially effective and safe form of cancer treatment for a long time, accurate identification of patient-specific neoantigens is only possible with the availability of advanced NGS technologies and other tools. Recently, interesting advances have been made in the clinical development of highly customized cancer vaccines (Ott et al., Nature, 2017; Sahin et al., Nature, 2017).